Instructions to Setup a Linksys Router

Physical Setup

Installation directions may differ, depending on what model you have, but most models follow the same general layout. Your router should come with a diagram, showing you how to do this.

1. If you have a wireless router, attach the antenna(s) that came with the router.
2. Plug an Ethernet cable into the port on the back of the router that is labeled “Internet,” and the other end into your modem.
3. Plug another Ethernet cable into any of the other available ports, and the other end into your computer. You can use the other remaining ports to connect other computers (with wires) to the router.

Router Configuration

Linksys routers now come with Setup Wizards. You could use this, instead of following the instructions below – but we do not recommend doing so. The Setup Wizard was designed to simplify the router configuration process, but it does not fulfill this purpose.

1. Visit 192.168.1.1 in a new window/tab.
2. The default username and password is either blank, or “admin,” depending on the model that you purchased.
3. You should now see a huge number of options, ready to be configured. Don’t worry; you will not need to use all of them. You should only need to edit your Connection Type and DNS Addresses.
4. If you have a wireless router, it could be worth setting an SSID and configuring WEP to ensure that no-one else uses your connection (unless you give them permission), and that all wireless traffic is encrypted.

Wireless PAN

What are the types of wireless networks? There are four types of wireless networks, which include the Wireless Personal Area Network (also known as WPAN). This computer network is important to interconnect computer tools located in the same area. For instance, Bluetooth can provide a wireless network that can be used to connect a laptop and a headset in the same room.

Wireless Local Area Network

Another type of this computer network is the Wireless Local Area Network (also known as WLAN). This network is a good alternative to local area network because it uses radio to transfer data from one computer system to another. This is the most used wireless network in homes, offices and schools. WLAN has two types, namely Fixed Wireless Data as well as Wi-Fi. Fixed Wireless Data uses microwaves to establish connections between computer systems in two different locations. Wi-Fi uses radio waves to interconnect electronic devices that are Wi-Fi ready.

Wireless Metropolitan Area Network

Wireless Metropolitan Area Network or WMAN is a type of wireless network that is used to connect wireless LANs. To computer users who are interested in using WMANs that are categorized under IEEE 802.16d/802.16e, they can use a telecommunications technology known as WiMax.

Mobile Device Networks

Mobile device network is an advance type of wireless network. This network is widely used in present times to transmit and store computer data in mobile phones. Some of the special features of this computer network are the Global System for Mobile Communications, Personal Communication Service and Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service.

The Global System for Mobile Communications is categorized into three systems, namely the base station system, the switching system as well as the support and operation system. Personal Communication Service uses radio band to transmit computer data between mobile phones, but this feature is only available in North America. Finally, Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service allows people to make calls between analog and digital cell phones.

Looking into the OSI Model

Since each layer in this model serves a purpose for the layer above it, it would be interesting how each layer interacts with the next one in the upper tier. Here are the seven models you will find:

Physical Layer: This is the first layer in the OSI Model. This refers to the physical hardware used in your network. It also defines physical medium and device relationships. It also includes electrical signals and its transmission. Some of its functions include establishing and terminating communications and connections. It is also responsible for flow control and resolution of any possible contention within the physical layer of the network.

Data Link Layer: This layer provides the means whereby various entities within a network would be able to transfer data. This layer is also responsible for the management of the interaction between various devices. It is also understood that these devices interact using a shared medium thus necessitating a layer that manages how these devices interact and transfer data. Its major function therefore encompasses physical addressing.

Network Layer: This is the last of the media layers in the OSI Model. It is responsible for logical addressing and path determination. It also maintains the quality of the service that was requested by the transport layer. It also performs routing functions, which makes the Internet a possibility.

Transport Layer: This layer is responsible for data transfer between different end users of a network. It also facilitates the data transfer for the other upper tiers in this model. It facilitates the reliability of data transfer and end to end communications.

Session Layer: This layer provides control over the dialogues and communications between the different computers in the network. It is also responsible for the management of both remote and local applications.

Presentation Layer: This layer is mainly responsible for representing data over the network and its encryption. This also translates data into a format that the application layer can work with.

Application Layer: This is the last layer in the OSI Model. It is the part of the model that interacts with the end user and software applications. This is what you interact with when you send e-mails, surf the internet, send files to another computer etc. It interacts with both users and applications in information synchronization and resource availability.

Other Models

There are also other models beside this reference model. It has been noted that the TCP/IP model is more applicable to real life situations as compared the OSI Model. This is also why some want to abolish this reference model.

Understanding a Wireless Router

A wireless router works pretty much the same way as a wired one. The obvious difference of course is the absence of wires connecting a computer to the router. Whether you have a wireless or a wired one, these devices act as your gateway to the Internet. You can have two or more computers sharing the connection to the Internet using only one connection from your ISP.

Functions

To better understand what is a wireless router, one must also look into its functions. Other than allowing you to share a connection, it also performs other tasks as well. It allows you to access files and information on another computer as long as it is connected to your network. Other equipment like printers and disk drives can also be shared using this device. It may also function as a firewall to add protection to your computer systems.

Sharing Your Internet Connection

Understanding its most fundamental function will help you see what is a wireless router and how important it is when you’ve more than one computer that needs an Internet connection. When you sign up with an Internet Service Provider, they will usually send you a bunch of cables, splitters, a power adapter, and a modem in their install kit. Unless they sent you a wireless modem you’ll have to purchase your own wireless router to get a connection without the hassle of wires scattered all over your home.

Your router will have LAN ports in case you still prefer to use cables to connect your computers. You’ll also find a WAN port right next to your row of LAN ports. This is where you connect the cable running from your modem. Some wireless routers have antennas some don’t (which are really internal antennas). Comparing its physical components with your other equipment will help you identify what is a wireless router.

To prevent computers that don’t belong into your network then it is recommended that you set up an SSID and you get your WEP configured. The former functions as a user name/password to gain access into your network and share your Internet. The latter encrypts the incoming and outgoing traffic of your router. Protecting your network connection is an important aspect of understanding what is a wireless router and its functions.

Basic Functions

Its fundamental role is gathering information. It does so by having sensors attached to external locations. It relays these pieces of information to the central station. It is this system that supervises and manages the information being submitted.

Where the System is Utilized

It is currently being used in factories and for monitoring traffic signals. It is also used in the water / power management, mass transit and other similar industries. The reason is simple. With SCADA, the data generated by the various components will be easier to handle. Because information is kept at the central location, it becomes an efficient choice.

Components

There are numerous parts that comprise this system. At its most basic it contains the central computer and software. There are also the signal components, the communication tools and the HMI. The HMI is the user interface.

Another vital part is the RTU (Remote Terminal Unit). These are made up of different parts too. Most of its functions are automated but can also be modified manually. Most of the time, this SCADA component operates on its own.

Other Functions

Aside from retrieving data, the system can perform other functions. This includes supervision and acquisition of real time information. This feature is made possible through sensor monitoring and meter evaluation. This info is relayed to the system at specified times. This information can be viewed and altered by the individual in charge as well.

Hard and Soft Points

The system is usually classified hard and soft points. The former can refer to the actual monitoring process or device. The latter refers to an application. It is also used to designate a calculation. The information relayed here is kept. Thus they can be used for checking progressions and case histories.

Protocols

This system can be either open or non proprietary. Most of these are large scale and complete. This features means there’s no need to add any more components. But there are systems that can be constructed piece by piece. This is ideal for those who want it custom built.

HMI

This HMI (Human Machine Interface) is the face of the SCADA. It may vary from system to system. Its role is the same however. It allows human controllers to assess or change the settings. This setting allows the supervisor to check the RTU and the PLC.

Additional functions of the HMI are presentation of database info through graphs. It can also outline facts about trends, schematics and other logistical information. The system also includes troubleshooting information.

The power and efficiency of the system makes it ideal for running factories and other industries. It is now being used for running and monitoring nuclear factories.

With its many features, the SCADA system has become ideal for evaluating large data. With technology improving, its usage will likely grow.

How do I find my DNS servers? There are different ways of finding these servers. It is important to know that the steps differ on the operating system and Internet connection that you are using in your laptop or computer. Below are the instructions for finding Lincast, Shaw Cable and MCI DNS servers.

Minimum System Requirements

• A laptop or personal computer with any OS from Linux and Microsoft

Instructions for Finding Lincast DNS Servers

1. Launch the nslookup tool of your computer.
2. To find this, select start and type nslookup in the search box and press enter.
3. Type the domain name that you want to find. In this case, type lincast.com and press enter.
4. The nslookup tool will provide information on the server and address that you are looking for.

Instructions for Finding Shaw Cable Servers

1. Launch the nslookup tool.
2. Type shaw.ca in the command prompt and press enter.
3. Information about the address and server will appear on the screen.
4. You can also see the address for non-authoritative answer as well as authoritative answer.

Instructions for Finding MCI Servers

1. Open the nslookup tool in your computer.
2. Type mci.com and press enter.
3. Several non-authoritative and authoritative answers will appear.
4. You can also find information about the address and server that you can use in the computer.

Instructions for Finding Servers in Linux Computers

1. Open the command prompt.
2. Type $ less /etc/resolv.conf or $ cat /etc/resolv.conf.
3. The computer will provide the IP address of your DNS server.

Instructions for Finding Servers in Microsoft Windows Computers

1. Select the Start button and click the Run tab.
2. Write command cmd in the page and press enter.
3. When the command prompt appears, type C:>ipconfig / all.

Additional Tips

• You can also find your DNS server in your Microsoft Windows computer by checking the Internet properties.
• To do this, you need to select Start, Setting and then Network Connections. Afterwards, click Local Area Connection, Properties, Internet Protocol, Properties as well as Look for Preferred DNS Server. Click apply to find the servers.

The first and most important part of the process is choosing the proper equipment. There are a number of different wireless types: 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g. The last of the three undoubtedly offers the highest level of performance, best level of compatibility, and the greatest range. Now, to use a wireless network you will need to have a broadband internet connection – such as cable or DSL. Additionally, you will need to purchase a wireless router. Your computer should either already have support for interfacing with a wireless router, otherwise you will need to get a network adapter as well. Newer computers come equipped with wireless support by default, however, if yours does not, look for a USB Wireless Network Adapter while you’re shopping. (Note: If you’re using a laptop, you will need a Wireless PC Card, rather than a USB Adapter.)

The wireless router has the most important job: It is responsible for taking your broadband internet connection and transforming it into wireless internet, which it then broadcasts throughout your home. A network adapter is simply something you insert into your computer which accepts the signal being transmitted by your wireless router.

The next step is to actually connect and setup your wireless router. During this part of the process you will not have internet access, and you may wish to write this down to help guide you along the way while you are isolated from the internet world. Begin by disconnecting your modem from its power supply. Continue the process by connecting your modem and your router. It is recommended that this is done with an Ethernet cable, rather than a USB cable.

If your computer was previously connected directly to your Cable or DSL Modem, you will simply need to take the cord you used and keep one end plugged into your PC, while putting the other end into your router. This will directly interface your computer and the router and will allow you to have internet access. Follow that process for any computer that is within cord-reaching range of the router, that will not be using the wireless capabilities.

Next, reconnect your modem to its power supply, wait a minute or two, then plug in your wireless router. If your router or network adapter included any CDs or DVDs with software or drivers, please make sure you install them. You will now need to configure your router by accessing it with your browser. To do this, simply open it up and type the IP Address of your wireless router into the address bar and click Enter. Each brand of router has its own address, and will be located in the instructions provided with your equipment. However, as a basic point of reference, here are the details for the most popular brands:

• Linksys: http://192.168.1.1
  Username: admin / Password: admin
• 3Com: http://192.168.1.1
  Username: admin / Password: admin
• Microsoft Broadband: http://192.168.2.1
  Username: admin / Password: admin
• D-Link: http://192.168.0.1
  Username: admin / Password: N/A
• Netgear: http://192.168.0.1
  Username: admin / Password: password

You will most likely not have to alter any of the default settings put in place by your wireless router’s manufacturer. However, for security purposes, you should edit a few options. Start by using Wi-Fi Protected Access, otherwise known as WPA, or Wireless Encryption, commonly referred to as WEP – these are two great security features to prevent unauthorized parties from utilizing your internet connection. Fortunately, you will not be required to memorize your password after it has been set and configured on your PC, and therefore you can make it a little tricky. It is also advisable to change the password to your admin account. You will need to remember this password in the event that any settings need to be changed.

At this point, everything should be working properly and you now have full internet access. If something is not working correctly, make sure you followed all the steps in this guide and if problems persist, consult the troubleshooting guide included with your wireless router or network adapter, if applicable. Enjoy your new-found wireless freedom!

So, for instance you can’t open a page on the Internet on your computer but your brother has no problem opening it on his then the issue isn’t about the site. It has something to do with your machine’s DNS cache. Solving this problem requires you to reload your machine’s cache. To do that requires you to do a flush DNS cache.

What You Need to do a Flush DNS Cache on Various Platforms

The obvious thing you need to flush DNS cache on different machines is the supported operating system for that computer system. At times, you may be required to log in as an administrator for that machine, which is the case for some versions of the Windows family of operating systems. You will also be required basic knowledge on how to open a command prompt, terminal window, or command shell for a specific operating system on the machine you’re working on.

Steps to Flush DNS Cache in Windows

1. Like any of the operating systems we’ll go over, the first thing you need to do in Windows is to open a command prompt. You do this by going to Start then Run and in the Open box that pops up type the letters ‘cmd’. This will open a new window with a black screen, a prompt, a blinking cursor where you can type in commands.
2. At the command prompt you type in the following command ‘ipconfig /flushdns’. Another option is to type a couple of commands at the prompt. First is ‘net stop dnscache’ and then hit Enter. Second is ‘net start dnscache’ and hit Enter again.

How to Flush DNS Cache in Linux

The first thing you need to do is to restart nscd daemon. After which you have to login to your terminal or your shell and issue a couple of commands. First is ‘root@support [~]# cd /etc/rc.d/init.d and then root@support [etc/rc.d/init.d]# ./nscd restart. After these commands are issued your DNS cache should be flushed.

Flush DNS Cache in Mac

Like the other two previously mentioned operating systems, one must open a terminal or command window in order to clear the DNS cache in Mac OS. You then issue a command to flush the DNS cache. Type ‘$ lookupd -flushcache’ for Tiger Mac or type ‘$ dscacheutil -flushcache’ for Leopard Mac in order to do this.